Sustainability at ASDA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Sustainability at ASDA - Essay Example Supermarkets in Europe are investing time and effort into the accomplishment of sustainability in their operations since this is the new competitive advantage they ought to possess. The paper discusses the drivers as well as the sustainability initiatives to be undertaken by ASDA in its shopping centre at Wolverhampton, keeping in view dynamics of the industry as well as social, political, legal, economic and other factors. Before delving into the concept of sustainability, it is useful to understand the nature of the grocery industry in the U.K. The U.K supermarkets industry was worth more than ? 150.8 bn in 2010 which showed considerable increase of 3.1% compared to the last year (Schnedlitz et al., 2010). Food and grocery expenditure accounted for 0.52% of retail expenditure (Schnedlitz et al., 2010). Of this 0.53%, 21% is roughly spent shopping for the same in convenience stores (Schnedlitz et al., 2010). The private label brands, including Tesco, Asda, Morrison’s and Sain sbury’s have their unique brand identity and are not me-too or imitations of their branded competitors (Schnedlitz et al., 2010). The U.K retail market seems to be on the maturity stage of its lifecycle, however, growth is still quite prominent. The market is on its verge to a 15% growth in the next 5 years (IGD, 2010). Economic dynamics such as rising interest rates and consumer prices, house prices as well job insecurity are only few of a plethora of factors affecting firms in this sector (IGD, 2010).The new government following the election in May, 2010 also seems to bear impact by way of its proposed contractionary fiscal and monetary policy which could mean tough times for the high end markets. The history of ASDA can be traced back to the 1920’s when farmers in Yorkshire created the Hindell’s dairies in 1920 (ASDA, 2011). The company was an instant hit and diversified and expanded to become the Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Ltd in 1949, hence the name ASDA (ASDA, 2011). At the same time, in 1958, two brothers came up with The Asquiths store which offered, to some extent, convenience shopping to customers at a single place (ASDA, 2011). In 1965, the Asquiths merged with Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Ltd. to create ASDA (ASDA, 2011). Thereon, the company was named as ASDA in 1970 when The Asquiths was acquired by Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Ltd (ASDA, 2011). Today, ASDA is known as a subsidiary of Wal-Mart, and is a merchandising and grocery retailing giant in the U.K. The company owns about 583 stores that stock various items ranging from grocery to apparel (ASDA, 2011). ASDA has its headquarters in Leeds, U.K and is home to approximately 178,000 workers (ASDA, 2011). The company is widely known for its staunch sustainability initiatives and has undertaken massive reforms in the same area in order to maintain its competitive edge over competitors such as Morrisons, Sainsbury’s Tesco and Waitrose. Sustainability is defined as the ability to survive or sustain. Popularly, the term environmental sustainability is being used to represent efforts to sustain and prolong the survival of all species and the ecosystem in the environment. A more comprehensive definition of sustainability encompasses all three foundations of sustainability, including the people, economy and the environment (Dunphy, 2000). The relation between these three foundations suggests that there exist limitations on the

Television broadcast Essay Example for Free

Television broadcast Essay 1. The pressure announced on last nights television weather broadcast was 29.92. Explain how this was measured and give the units. Would this be considered an unusually large or low pressure value? A pressure announced on the weather forecast of 29.92 is an average measurement. It is measured with a barometer and in the United States the units of measure are inches of mercury, or inHg. This is what meteorologist are referring to in their forecasts. 29.92 inHg is a measurement within the normal range. This may be referred to as air pressure, atmospheric pressure or barometric pressure. They are all the same thing. Low pressure readings are associated with stormy weather and precipitation, while high pressure readings are indicated by clear and calm weather. Here is Portland, Oregon, where it rains 9 months of the year, we experience normal pressure readings of 29.92 inHg or slightly higher or lower. It only changes when we have exceptionally worse or better weather. 2. If the earth did not rotate, how would you expect winds to blow with respect to high and low pressure centers? With no earth rotation, winds would blow in straight lines. They would move from a huge high pressure region, the side in direct sunlight, to the lowest pressure region. This would be the dark side of the earth. The side the sun never touches. Cold air from the dark side would then be pulled back to the sunny side in straight lines to be warmed and then pushed back again. The dark side would be in a constant state of stormy weather, while the sun side would experience beautiful clear, calm, sunny days. If it didn’t get cooked by the sun, that is. 3. If the pressure gradient force remained the same but the earths rate of rotation decreased slightly, would you expect the speed of the geostrophic wind to increase, decrease or remain about the same? If pressure gradient winds remained the same but the earth’s rotation slowed geostrophic winds would increase. The Coriolis force is a force based on the earth’s rotation. Because the earth spins objects in the atmosphere do not move in straight lines. The earth’s rotation causes them to veer of course. This is the CF. Pressure gradient winds (PGF) along with CF balance out geostrophic winds. If the earth slowed, the CF would decrease, so geostrophic winds would have to increase to maintain this balance. 4. Explain why it is much more difficult to measure snowfall amount than rainfall amount. Rain is measured by the amount of liquid contained in the measurement device. Whatever is amount of liquid is in the device, is the  measurement. However snow, has various factors that can impact its measurement. First of all snowfall measurement is based on how much liquid there would be if the snow was melted into liquid form. There are several factors that can impact how much snow is measured in a device. Wind can move snow from high points to low points and vice versa. The surface on which the snow is falling onto can also impact a measurement. The length of time the snow has been on the ground and how compact it is can also effect measurements. Measuring in several places and then using an average can give a more accurate total. Meteorologists usually forecast snow amounts giving a range of totals due to these factors which make it challenging to give an exact forecast. 5. Would you expect to find a subsidence inversion to be associated with high or low pressure? What effects might a subsidence inversion have on weather conditions at the ground? Subsidence inversions happen in areas of high pressure. A mass of cold air sinks slowly and is heated by adiabatic compression lower in the atmosphere. This causes this type of inversion. Subsidence inversions are high in the atmosphere and never reach the bottom because of turbulent mixing. The top of a subsidence inversion can usually be indicated by a smoky or dusty looking layer that has a distinguishable line. This line marks the top of this inversion. Effects can include low visibility and poor air quality. References Ahrens, C. D. (01/2014). Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved fromhttp://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733

when it was a game :: essays research papers

When It Was A Game I have been a fan of the game of baseball for 25 years. I played little league baseball for Ocean View Little League in Huntington Beach, California in the early1980s, and four years of high school baseball at Ocean View High in the late 80s to the early 90s. Baseball has been an intricate part of my life ever since. While thumbing through a box in my garage the other day, I came across my old little league year book from 1984. Seeing myself in a baseball uniform at 10 years old was quite amusing. I flipped through the rest of the book, laughing at the way my family and friends dressed in the 80s. I was reminded of a quote my grandmother used to say, â€Å"The more things change, the more they stay the same.† My grandmother is a huge baseball fan. My grandmother grew up in South Central Los Angeles and used to watch the Los Angeles Dodgers play throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s. I distinctly remember my grandmother and I watching Kirk Gibson hit the game winning home run for the Dodgers against the Oakland A’s in the 1988 Word Series. She is a huge Dodger fan, however, since I played on the A’s in little league that year, I rooted for the A’s. To this day, my grandmother will not pass up an opportunity to remind me of who won that game. My grandmother said to me the other day, â€Å"They don’t make them like they used to†; she was referring to the 1988 Dodger team, as opposed to the teams of today. I think she has a point to an extent; however, I can see the similarities and the differences in the game of the 80s and the sport it has become in the new millennium. The game has changed in some ways, but for the most part, it has stayed the same. The rules are the same as in the 80s. It is still 90feet to first base, 60 foot 6 inches from the pitchers mound to home plate, and you still only get three strikes and four balls. Today, you can still go to the ballpark and get a soda, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, cotton candy, and a hot dog, just like when I was a kid in the 80’s. You can still go to the game early and see the teams take batting practice, and if your lucky, get an autograph or two.

Concern of Government Trade Policy Essay

Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy – the interests of producers (the business and the employees) or of the consumers? This is a very interesting question. I would hope that the policies that are in place by the government would help not only the producers but in the long run would also help the consumers. The government has a responsibility to ensure that businesses will get that competitive advantage in the global business world. That said, if governments place were to place too much of its interest in businesses, the consumers would definitely suffer immensely. Historically, the United States has made many mistakes where we have protected the producers and companies and have developed many policies to ensure American companies do not fail. The book discusses the steel industry and how government placed an Ad Valorem Tariff on steel. It talked about how we wanted to protect domestic steel producers and how government had too many policies in place. That eventually was counterproductive and it raised the cost of production. This then caused the output to fail miserably and before we know it, we eliminated that tariff within two years. Can we learn from this mistake in the future? Sure we can. But you need the right people for the job. We need to make sure better policy-making decisions are made and that local content requirement is occurring. The book talks about government intervention. When it does, it seems to me, that it is talking about protecting the inefficient companies, people’s jobs, and industries from unfair foreign competition. While employees may well lose their jobs if there are more well-organized and competent foreign competitors, I would argue that this is the nature of competition, and that the role of government should be to help these employees get jobs where they can be efficiently employed rather than to protect them from reality. Government intervention can also lead to trade wars. Government intervention  usually ends up not working. The European Common Agriculture Policy by European farmers backfired and has cost consumers greatly. One the other side of the spectrum, if government does not set policies to protect the interests of businesses then global firms, companies, may come in and take an unfair advantage, a.k.a. the Steel industry in 2002.

Customer Lifetime Value †A Case Study Essay

A Your manager asks you what you think might explain the differences in p, r, and AC between the three groups. What would you say? i Group 1’s higher â€Å"p† could be due to the fact that this group of students doesn’t have the meal plan that undergrad students who live on (or close to) campus have. Additionally, some MBA students may have longer classes than the typical undergad student, especially on weekends. The MBA students may be more inclined to buy more food to save and snack on during class sessions. The retention probability through a certain time â€Å"r† is expected to be higher for undergrad students who live on or closer to campus and can easily walk to the sandwich shop. MBA students still have a high retention rate, but following the completion of their MBA program, they’re less likely to drive to Ike’s for food since they commute to school (especially if they have a good sandwich shop from where they commute). Regarding â€Å"AC†, the cost to promote Ike’s for people familiar with the area (Group 2) is expected to be lower because the Bay Area natives already have some knowledge of Ike’s. The â€Å"AC† for Groups 1 & 3 are higher because Ike’s must promote their business to people who have most likely never heard of the sandwich shop through ads, Facebook, or coupons. b What do you think could be done to improve CLV for any of the groups? Describe a specific action that can be taken by Redhead and explain how it alters the variables and CLV in the table for one or more groups. ii I expected the CLV for Group 3 to be higher considering the distance from the school. It could be so low due to the meal plan those students might have, but by decreasing the â€Å"AC† from 25 to 20, â€Å"CLV† will increase from 2. to 7. 5. The can be done by focusing their advertising efforts aimed at students to strictly on campus efforts. Perhaps they could also utilize social media for free advertising and introduce a â€Å"punch card† where after a certain amount of sandwiches bought, the customer can get a free one. This would possibly help increase the retention rate of all groups, especially Group 1 where these MBA students don’t have an on campus meal plan and often look for good food and money saving incentives off campus. Additionally, if the retention rate for Group 1 went from . 0 to . 825 through the use of the â€Å"punch cards† and even coupons for a free drink or chips, the CLV would increase from 7 to 11. 667 – almost putting Group 1 even with Group 2. And if the retention rate for Group 3 went from . 825 to . 85 through the use of the â€Å"punch cards† again, the CLV would increase from 2. 5 to 6. 875. I believe that by using more free social media advertising (decreasing AC) and increasing retention rate â€Å"r† through â€Å"punch cards† and coupons, the CLV for all groups will increase.

Nietzsches The Use And Abuse Of History

Nietzsches The Use And Abuse Of History Between 1873 and 1876 Nietzsche published four â€Å"Untimely Meditations.†Ã‚   The second of these is the essay often referred to as â€Å"The Use and Abuse of History for Life.† (1874)   A more accurate translation of the title, though, is â€Å"On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life.† The Meaning of History and Life The two key terms in the title, â€Å"history† and â€Å"life† are used in a very broad way.   By â€Å"history,† Nietzsche mainly means historical knowledge of previous cultures (e.g. Greece, Rome, the Renaissance), which includes knowledge of past philosophy, literature, art, music, and so on.   But he also has in mind scholarship in general, including a commitment to strict principles of scholarly or scientific methods, and also a general historical self-awareness which continually places one’s own time and culture in relation to others that have come before. The term â€Å"life† is not clearly defined anywhere in the essay.   In one place Nietzsche describes it as â€Å"a dark driving insatiably self-desiring power,† but that doesn’t tell us much.   What he seems to have in mind most of the time, when he speaks of â€Å"life,† is something like a deep, rich, creative engagement with the world one is living in.   Here, as in all his writings, the creation of an impressive culture is of prime importance to Nietzsche.   What Nietzsche Is Opposing In the early 19th century, Hegel (1770-1831) had constructed a philosophy of history which saw the history of civilization as both the expansion of human freedom and the development of greater self-consciousness regarding the nature and meaning of history.   Hegel’s own philosophy represents the highest stage yet achieved in humanity’s self-understanding.   After Hegel, it was generally accepted that a knowledge of the past is a good thing.   In fact, the nineteenth century prided itself on being more historically informed than any previous age.   Nietzsche, however, as he loves to do, calls this widespread belief into question.   He identifies 3 approaches to history: the monumental, the antiquarian, and the critical.   Each can be used in a good way, but each has its dangers. Monumental History Monumental history focuses on examples of human greatness, individuals who â€Å"magnify the concept of man†¦.giving it a more beautiful content.†Ã‚   Nietzsche doesn’t name names, but he presumably means people like Moses, Jesus, Pericles, Socrates, Caesar, Leonardo, Goethe, Beethoven, and Napoleon.   One thing that all great individuals have in common is a cavalier willingness to risk their life and material well-being.     Such individuals can inspire us to reach for greatness ourselves.   They are an antidote to world-weariness.   But monumental history carries certain dangers.   When we view these past figures as inspirational, we may distort history by overlooking the unique circumstances that gave rise to them.   It is quite likely that no such figure could arise again since those circumstances will never occur again.   Another danger lies in the way some people treat the great achievements of the past (e.g. Greek tragedy, Renaissance painting) as canonical.   They are viewed as providing a paradigm that contemporary art should not challenge or deviate from.   When used in this way, monumental history can block the path to new and original cultural achievements. Antiquarian History Antiquarian history refers to the scholarly immersion in some past period or past culture.   This is the approach to history especially typical of academics.   It can be valuable when it helps to enhance our sense of cultural identity.   E.g. When contemporary poets acquire a deep understanding of the poetic tradition to which they belong, this enriches their own work.   They experience â€Å"the contentment of a tree with its roots.† But this approach also has potential drawbacks.   Too much immersion in the past easily leads to an undiscriminating fascination with and reverence for anything that is old, regardless of whether it is genuinely admirable or interesting.   Antiquarian history easily degenerates into mere scholarliness, where the purpose of doing history has long been forgotten.   And the reverence for the past it encourages can inhibit originality.   The cultural products of the past are seen as so wonderful that we can simply rest content with them and not try to create anything new. Critical History Critical history is almost the opposite of antiquarian history.   Instead of revering the past, one rejects it as part of the process of creating something new.   E.g. Original artistic movements are often very critical of the styles they replace (the way Romantic poets rejected the artificial diction of 18th-century poets).   The danger here, though, is that we will be unfair to the past.   In particular, we will fail to see how those very elements in past cultures that we despise were necessary; that they were among the elements that gave birth to us.   The Problems Caused by Too Much Historical Knowledge In Nietzsche’s view, his culture (and he would probably say ours too) has become bloated with too much knowledge.   And this explosion of knowledge is not serving â€Å"life†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, it is not leading to a richer, more vibrant, contemporary culture.   On the contrary. Scholars obsess over methodology and sophisticated analysis.   In doing so, they lose sight of the real purpose of their work.   Always, what matters most isn’t whether their methodology is sound, but whether what they are doing serves to enrich contemporary life and culture. Very often, instead of trying to be creative and original, educated people simply immerse themselves in relatively dry scholarly activity.   The result is that instead of having a living culture, we have merely a knowledge of culture.   Instead of really experiencing things, we take up a detached, scholarly attitude to them.   One might think here, for instance, of the difference between being transported by a painting or a musical composition, and noticing how it reflects certain influences from previous artists or composers. Halfway through the essay, Nietzsche identifies five specific disadvantages of having too much historical knowledge.   The rest of the essay is mainly an elaboration on these points.   The five drawbacks are: It creates too much of a contrast between what’s going on people’s minds and the way they live.   E.g. philosophers who immerse themselves in Stoicism no longer live like Stoics; they just live like everyone else.   The philosophy is purely theoretical. Not something to be lived.It makes us think we are more just than previous ages.   We tend to look back on previous periods as inferior to us in various ways, especially, perhaps, in the area of morality.   Modern historians pride themselves on their objectivity.   But the best kind of history isn’t the kind that is scrupulously objective in a dry scholarly sense.   The best historians work like artists to bring a previous age to life.It disrupts the instincts and hinders mature development.   In supporting this idea, Nietzsche especially complains at the way modern scholars cram themselves too quickly with too much knowledge.   The result is that they lose profundity.   Extreme specialization, a nother feature of modern scholarship, leads them away from wisdom, which requires a broader view of things. It makes us think of ourselves as inferior imitators of our predecessorsIt leads to irony and to cynicism. In explaining points 4 and 5, Nietzsche embarks on a sustained critique of Hegelianism.   The essay concludes with him expressing a hope in â€Å"youth†, by which he seems to mean those who have not yet been deformed by too much education. In the Background – Richard Wagner Nietzsche does not mention in this essay his friend at the time, the composer Richard Wagner.   But in drawing the contrast between those who merely know about culture and those who are creatively engaged with culture, he almost certainly had Wagner in mind as an exemplar of the latter type.   Nietzsche was working as a professor at the time at the University of Basle in Switzerland.  Ã‚   Basle represented historical scholarship.   Whenever he could, he would take the train to Lucerne to visit Wagner, who at the time was composing his four-opera Ring Cycle.   Wagner’s house at Tribschen represented life.   For Wagner, the creative genius who was also a man of action, fully engaged in the world, and working hard to regenerate German culture through his operas, exemplified how one could use the past (Greek tragedy, Nordic legends, Romantic classical music) in a healthy way to create something new.

Customer Loyalty And Satisfaction Tourism Essay Essays

Customer Loyalty And Satisfaction Tourism Essay Essays Customer Loyalty And Satisfaction Tourism Essay Essay Customer Loyalty And Satisfaction Tourism Essay Essay Customer trueness and satisfaction are of import in any service industry ; nevertheless, they are particularly of import in the hotel industry. When a client is satisfied with their experience at a hotel, so they will so mention that hotel to their friends and household, every bit good as continue to utilize the hotel themselves, in this being therefore staying loyal to the hotel. Customer satisfaction and trueness is are non ever an easy undertakings for hotels and requires extended work and research to accomplish. Customer studies are conducted in order to understand what the client wants and how to implement that into the hotel s preparation plans to seek to guarantee that the clients are satisfied with their hotel experience. Many employee plans implement use the suggestions by employee study and remark cards, every bit good as adept advice on how to fulfill the client. Customer trueness and satisfaction can do or interrupt any concern, and, in peculiar, a hotel. When a client is non unsated, they will non return to the hotel and will distribute portion their bad experience with everyone they know ; but nevertheless, when a client is really satisfied with a hotel, they will be given to be loyal and maintain coming back, every bit good as portion the information with friends and household. Customer trueness is more than go oning to sponsor the hotel ; it can besides include mentioning friends and household, utilizing the hotel for concern maps, and sponsoring back uping the sister hotels that are within the same concatenation. A client becomes loyal by go oning to be satisfied with the hotel concatenation, either by through being listened to by the staff when there is a job, through being treated with regard, or even through something every bit simple as holding fresh towels in the room on a day-to-day footing. Many client studies are conducted to have feedback as to how satisfied a client is with a hotel and what the hotel can make to either maintain the client satisfied or do the client more satisfied. The hotels use this feedback from the clients to implement new preparation plans, every bit good as include adept advice in their employee preparation. The undermentioned literature reappraisal of these characteristics of client trueness and satisfaction in the hotel industry supports the hypothesis that client trueness and satisfaction are imperative to running a successful hotel. Customer Satisfaction We all know that client satisfaction is a cardinal point in holding a successful concern, but what is client satisfaction? ( Too personal and presuming ) Before go oning with the reappraisal, the definition of client satisfaction demands to be explored. Customer satisfaction can be defined in several different ways. Many people believe that client satisfaction is merely that: a satisfied and happy client ; nevertheless, Engel and Blackwell ( as stated by cited in Back, 2001, p. 23 ) define client satisfaction as an rating rendered that the ingestion experience was at least every bit good as it was supposed to be beliefs with regard to alternative. Back defines client satisfaction as the consumer s overall judgement, including service characteristics, the service merchandise, gross revenues forces, or other situational variables, ( 2001, p. 24 ) . While all of these definitions are right, the fact still stands that it is imperative in hotel direction that the client is to the fu ll satisfied in order to retain their concern. Customer satisfaction can be achieved in through a assortment of methods. Some of these methods include run intoing client outlooks in respects to soothe, offering first-class client service through effectual employee preparation methods, and using client studies and remark cards. Meeting Customer Expectations Meeting client outlooks sing comfort can be compiled into five different classs: merchandise, staff, reaching, value, and location. Merchandise comfort can be a assortment of points to the client. Harmonizing to Barsky and Nash ( 2003 ) when depicting comfort merchandises, invitees most frequently commented about their room-in peculiar the room s design, a comfy bed and room, room and hotel cleanliness, and convenient and particular comfortss. Bing comfy with hotel staff members can hold an impact on client satisfaction as good. The staffs cognition, attitude, and helpfulness enhance the clients comfort when remaining in a hotel. Besides In add-on, invitees felt comfy cognizing that they can swear the staff with their safety, properties, messages, and wake-up calls ( Barsky and Nash, 2003 ) . When a invitee arrives at a hotel, they want to experience immediately comfy with their pick in hotel. Upon arrival utilizing gracious words, reiterating the invitee s name, and handling the guest warmly makes the invitees feel comfy, ( Barsky, and Nash, 2003 ) . Value is an of import facet in respects to clients being comfy with their hotel pick. Harmonizing to a survey by Valerie Zeithaml in 1987 ( as stated by Gordon, 1999, p. 18-19 ) value can be categorized into four groups: Value is low monetary value the sensed value is based entirely on paying a low monetary value. Value is acquiring what I want in a merchandise the sensed value is based on the benefits the consumer receives for a merchandise. Value is the quality I get for the monetary value I pay the sensed value is defined as low-cost quality. Value is what I get for what I give the value is defined as the tradeoff between what is received versus what is given up. Some common illustrations could be clip or money. Finally, the invitees will happen comfort in the location of the hotel because of the propinquity of the hotel is to the invitees involvements. Bull indicates ( as stated by cited in Lee, 2003, p. 18 ) the location of a lodging belongings non merely includes the distance from, or entree to one or more specific attractive forces, but it besides consists of qualities such as soundlessness, positions from suites, and the nature of the belongings s milieus. Customer Service Customer service given by hotel employees can be a determinant factor if in whether or non a client stays at a hotel or non. The hotel employees are the face of the hotel, and how the client is treated when remaining at the hotel impacts how the client remembers on their stay. The research group s index [ Market Matrix ] of client satisfaction in the housing concern indicates that a turning figure of invitees are unhappy with the degrees of service they re acquiring, ( Watkins, 2005 ) . Customer service is more than the forepart desk employees or the bellboy ; client service includes the reserve agents through the call-in line every bit good as the web-agents. No count how they contact you walk in, name a reserve agent or see your Web site frequent invitees should see consistent client service from each channel, ( Sparkes, 2004 ) . Kirwin provinces, Common sense tells us that satisfied clients are more likely to return than those who ve had a bad experience, ( 1991 ) . Besides , both Keaveney and Lewis advise ( as stated by cited in Lee, 2003, p. 13 ) that hapless employee public presentation has been linked to increased client ailments and the likeliness of exchanging to a viing service. Customers associate their experience of one hotel with the similar hotels within the same concatenation. For case, if a client has a bad experience with the cleanliness of a room with a Comfort Inn, they will tie in that bad experience with all hotels within the Choice Hotels concatenation. Harmonizing to Crosby, Evans, and Cowles ( as stated by cited in Lee, 2003, p 13 ) , the behaviour and attitudes of contact forces are declarative of the degree and quality of services offered by the service house, and they exert a strong influence on client satisfaction. Adequate preparation will assist to guarantee that employees treat clients with regard and courtesy even through something every bit simple as telephone etiquette. If a hotel does non supply effectual client service through something every bit simple as a phone call, so the client will so take to take their concern elsewhere. Kennedy ( 2010 ) outlines some grounds why a hotel should concentrate on telephone cordial reception: Hotels typically have many of import clients who neer visit their lone personal experience is over the telephone. This includes travel agents, run intoing contrivers and administrative helpers from local corporate histories. Family, friends and co-workers of your in-house invitees who call during their stay will organize first feelings from how their calls were handled. Even invitees who booked online and subsequently name with a inquiry or particular petition signifier first feelings from their telephone experiences. If the feeling is non good, they may really good make up ones mind to call off. A preparation session may be needed for employees to guarantee the best phone client service is given and to repeat that client calls are non the nuisance that some people believe, but that they are the voice of the hotel. The following are ways suggested by Kennedy ( 2010 ) that the employees can be trained on to give first-class telephone service: Answer the know at the door of a pealing phone line with a proper salutation Speak easy and clearly. Pay attending to inflexion Convey energy and enthusiasm Ask for the company s name, if non provided. Ask permission to put the call on clasp, courteously explicating why it is necessary. Thank companies for keeping and apologise for the hold, particularly if the clip was important Use the transportation button judiciously End the call right. Just as a positive first feeling starts the call off on a good note, stoping the call right will go forth a memorable permanent feeling every bit good. No affair how good a hotel is run, there are ever traveling to be mistakes by the staff ; it s merely it is human nature. The issue is non the error per Se ; instead, the issue is how the error is handled by the staff and direction. Many hotels now have employee preparation plans as to how to manage header with disquieted or ireful invitees. Programs aimed at developing employees in managing invitee ailments and supplying value-added service are indispensable to developing an effectual staff, ( Kirwin, 1991 ) . Of class, hotels do non deliberately do mistakes and will seek to repair them in any manner they can possible. No housing concern likes errors or defects, yet occasional service failures are inevitable regardless of how strict criterions and processs are or how much employee preparation is regimented, explained by Hart, Heskett, A ; Sasser, Johnson A ; Fern, and Lovelock ( as stated by cited in Fu, 2003, p. 2 ) . Even though errors are inevitable, they can besides be uti le to a hotel to in placing jobs that need to be addressed. Brown ( as stated by cited in Fu, 2003, p.3 ) advises that service failures help a concern to observe the causes of hapless public presentation and to better its service processs and employee preparation. The client will appreciate the attempt by the hotel when they can accept their error and supply a solution. Bitner, Booms, A ; Tetreault explain ( as stated by cited in Fu, 2003, p.3 ) a survey of consumers in the air hose, hotel, and eating house industries found that most clients who received apologies, attentive aid, and compensation from service employees after meeting service failures really perceived the experience as really favourable. Customer satisfaction can be measured by clients voicing their sentiment on their stay by through talking face-to-face with a client service agent, through client remark cards, or by through studies conducted for the industry. Remark Card games and Surveies Remark cards and studies are really of import indispensable to hotels to understand what clients are believing and experiencing about their hotel and how to better their concern. To place the operational and selling issues that influence satisfaction and trueness, most hotels study their invitees in some manner, ( Schall, 2003 ) . Remark cards and studies can convey both positive and negative client feedback and should non be taken lightly by the hotel. Most hotels have quest satisfaction studies that enable them to construct upon strengths and mark countries for betterment, ( Carlstead, 2004, p.18 ) . Schindlerhof Hotel ( SH ) is an illustration of a hotel that provides remark cards to their invitees and takes the information really earnestly. SH attempts to derive information from the incident to place company structural and procedure failings ( weak musca volitanss ) and to detect new market opportunities, ( Voss, 2005 ) . Remark cards should be placed throughout the hotel t o guarantee that clients have easy entree to them and can return them easy every bit good. In SH, invitees can happen the cards on every tabular array in the eating house, in every room and in the anteroom of the conference suites, ( Voss, 2005 ) . Many hotel studies are done industry broad by companies such as JD Power and Associates, PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) , and American Demographics and are measured through the Market Matrix Hospitality Index and the American Customer Satisfaction Index ( ACSI ) . These studies are done conducted to garner information from clients on their satisfaction with hotels and what betterments can be made. JD Power and Associates conducted the 2008 North America hotel Guest Satisfaction Index Study and based their findings on responses from more 53,000 invitees over 12 months ( Baker, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Baker hotels are rated on seven steps: reserves, cheque in and look into out, guest suites, nutrient and drink service, hotel services, hotel installations, and costs and fees, ( 2008 ) . The survey indicates that the overall satisfaction in every class dropped, except for luxury and extended stay, from the old twelvemonth ( Baker, 2008 ) . JD Power and Associates conducted the same sur vey in 2009 and maintained the industry overall has improved in guest satisfaction year-over-year ; Market Matrix showed the first large bead in its quarterly guest satisfaction Numberss since the recession began ; and ACSI offered assorted consequences among trade names, but showed the industry overall was keeping client satisfaction, ( Crowell, 2009 ) . Customer satisfaction is one of the most widely surveyed classs in the hotel industry and is of import when reexamining policies within hotels. Krantz indicates Last twelvemonth [ 2006 ] , hotel client satisfaction measured 75 on the American Customer Service Index ( ACSI ) the highest since 1995 piece at the same clip the figure of employees per occupied room declined more than 10 per centum, PwC s cordial reception pattern reported, ( 2007 ) . Another manner that client satisfaction can be surveyed is by traveling through client letters and remark cards and matching the ailments and regards to assist understand what the clients want. American Demographics sifted through a generous sampling of the about 2,000 letters submitted by consumers last twelvemonth [ 2002 ] to hotels and resorts through Planetfeedback.com, a division of Cincinnati-based market research house Intelliseek, ( Anonymous, 2003 ) . The most effectual manner to make client satisfaction is by holding a friendl y and helpful staff. In fact, the highest per centum of satisfactory letters ( 44 per centum ) fell into the hotel staff public presentation class, ( Anonymous, 2003 ) . The most of import thing to retrieve when reexamining client remark cards and studies is that, without the client, the concern would non last. As stated by Carlstead in general, these are used for the concrete intent of informing patterns that will heighten guest satisfaction and trueness, ( 2004 p. 18 ) . Customer Loyalty A common misconception is that when a client is satisfied with a concern they will be loyal ; nevertheless, this is non ever the instance. A client may be wholly satisfied but may non buy once more because of factors unrelated to satisfaction, ( Gordon, 1999, p. 13 ) . Customers require more than satisfaction with a hotel in order to be loyal. Waller ( as stated by cited in Strauss, 2004 ) provinces: Mere satisfaction does non make trueness. We expect to be satisfied. It takes delight-recognition, experiencing valued, being made to tip particular. If the concern traveller is merely another invitee, and is non recognized, he or she will leap to another hotel on the following trip with no vacillation, no affair how satisfied their stay. Sigauw advises ( as stated by cited in Strauss, 2004 ) , While satisfaction is usually a precursor to return, there needs to be something more. Hotel companies need to set up an emotional connexion. Hampton Inn franchises are one illustration of this connexion. Hampton Inn offers their clients a 100 % satisfaction warrant and has offered it for over 20 old ages. This warrant states if for any ground a invitee is nt wholly satisfied, that invitee is nt expected to pay, ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . This may look like a catch to some people, but for Hampton Inn, it works to assist retain clients and maintain them satisfied. This 20-year promise of satisfaction has kept Hampton among the top acting hotel trade names in client trueness and satisfaction twelvemonth after twelvemonth and will go on to vouch satisfaction when you find yourself remaining with Hampton, ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . Other hotels try to retain clients with trueness plans when which give points or free suites to clien ts for remaining at their hotel who are joined in the loyal plan. Loyalty plans are going more and more popular among concerns and particularly in hotels. The issue is, though, do these trueness plans truly give hotels loyal clients or are they merely catchs? Mattila states as an illustration of hotel trueness plans, Hilton HHonors plan makes it easy to accomplish an elect position, while Hyatt s Gold Passport plan offers a free stay after two corsets charged to a MasterCard, ( 2006 ) . Peoples are non concerned with how many points they have earn at a certain hotel ; they are interested in what the hotel can make for them for being a loyal client. Hotel points average really small, but acknowledgment and in-stay fringe benefits like ascents, expedited check-in, late check-out and so on are extremely valued, advises Waller ( as stated by Strauss, 2004 ) . Hotels create these trueness plans because they know that it is harder to derive new clients than it is to retain current 1s and need to happen ways to guarantee their clients maintain coming back. During hard economic times hotels are reminded of a cardinal lesson: edifice invitee trueness is the lone manner to vie without giving gross, ( Sullivan, 2004 ) . Torres and Kline besides understand the importance of maintaining clients loyal with their observation in the industry that companies are a besides recognizing that fring a client means fring more than a individual sale: it means fring the full watercourse of purchases that the client would hold made over a life-time of purchase, ( 2006 ) . Other than trueness plans, below are some ways that hotels can construct a more loyal client base: Develop a client centric communications scheme. Dainty people as persons. Personalize your communications and speak to invitees on a one to one footing. Do nt over communicate. Remove email blast from your selling vocabulary. Surprise and delectation loyal clients with fringe benefits, wagess, and value-adds. Seriously see utilizing an outside communications house with direct selling specializers on staff who know how to: Segment your database Develop relevant content and compelling offers Raising and intensify the relationship over clip ( Pratt, 2010 ) . The image of a hotel can hold a significant impact on client satisfaction and trueness. Ostrowsky, OBrien, and Gordon indicate ( as stated by Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000 ) old surveies show that the image of the location, employee attitude, installations, and services of a hotel constitute of import factors in finding client trueness. The manner a client perceives a hotel s image can be a determinant factor of if the client keeps returning or non. Kandampully and Hu explain that those houses who have developed schemes and systems to guarantee that the full house s focal point remains directed on helping and back uping clients non merely derive positive influence on the houses image but will besides derive client trueness, ( 2007 ) . Decision Customer service and trueness are non ever complementary of each other ; nevertheless they are both indispensable to the success of the hotel industry. Hotels realize that fulfilling the client is one of, if non the most, of import factors in maintaining their concern alive. Satisfying clients can be include something every bit small as listening to their job and happening a solution or every bit big as giving a 100 % satisfaction warrant and non bear downing the client for non being satisfied to the full. ( Conducting client studies and offering remark cards are indispensable tools for finding whether or non a hotel is functioning their patronage as needed. By guaranting that clients are satisfied, hotels and other concerns can make client trueness ; after all, satisfied clients frequently portion their experiences with friends and household. A well-trained staff can do or interrupt a hotel s image ; a friendly smiling at the forepart desk, helpful staff members throughout the hot el, and astonishing installations are cardinal factors in deriving and maintaining patronages. Staying aware of the staff s attitude, keeping the hotel s belongings, and carry oning research as to client satisfaction will assist hotel direction to continue all the criterions necessary to retain client trueness. )

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President

Ulysses Grant Biography - 18th U.S. President Ulysses Grants Childhood and Education Grant was born on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He was raised in Georgetown, Ohio. He grew up on a farm. He went to local schools before attending the Presbyterian Academy and then being appointed to West Point. He was not necessarily the best student though he was good at math. When he graduated, he was placed in the infantry. Family Ties Grant was the son of Jesse Root Grant, a  tanner and merchant along with a strict abolitionist. His mother was  Hannah Simpson Grant. He had three sisters and two brothers.   On August 22, 1848, Grant married Julia Boggs Dent, the daughter of a St. Louis merchant and slaveholder.  The fact that her family owned slaves was a point of contention for Grants parents. Together they had three sons and one daughter: Frederick Dent, Ulysses Jr., Ellen, and Jesse Root Grant.   Ulysses Grants Military Career When Grant was graduated from West Point, he was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In 1846, America went to war with Mexico. Grant served with General Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. By the end of the war he was promoted to first lieutenant. He continued his military service  until 1854 when he resigned and tried farming. He had a hard time and eventually had to sell his farm. He did not rejoin the military until 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War. U.S. Civil War At the beginning of the Civil War, Grant rejoined the military as a colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry. He captured Fort Donelson, Tennessee in February 1862 which was the first major Union victory. He was promoted to major general. He had other victories at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. In March 1864, he was made the commander of all Union forces. He accepted Lees surrender at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. After the war, he served as Secretary of War (1867-68). Nomination and Election Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republicans in 1868. The Republicans supported black suffrage in the south and a less lenient form of reconstruction than that espoused by Andrew Johnson. Grant was opposed by Democrat Horatio Seymour. In the end, Grant received 53% of the popular vote and 72% of the electoral vote. In 1872, Grant was easily renominated and won over Horace Greeley despite the many scandals that occurred during his administration. Events and Accomplishments of Ulysses Grants Presidency The largest issue of Grants presidency was  Reconstruction. He continued occupying the South with federal troops. His administration fought against states who denied blacks the right to vote. In 1870, the  fifteenth amendment  was passed providing that no one could be denied the right to vote based on race. Further in 1875, the  Civil Rights Act  was passed which ensured that African Americans would have the same right to use inns, transportation, and theaters among other things. However, the law was ruled unconstitutional in 1883. In 1873, an  economic depression  occurred that lasted five years. Many were unemployed, and many businesses failed. Grants administration was marked by five major scandals. Black Friday  - September 24, 1869. Two speculators,  Jay Gould  and  James Fisk, tried to buy up enough gold to corner the gold market while keeping Grant from dumping federal gold on the market. They drove up the price of gold quickly before Grant realized what was going on and was able to add enough gold onto the market to bring the price down. However, many investors and businesses were ruined because of this.Credit Mobilier - 1872. In order to cover up stealing money from the Union Pacific Railroad, officers of the Credit Mobilier company sold stocks cheaply to members of Congress.Grants Secretary of the Treasury, William A. Richardson gave special agent John D. Sanborn the job of collecting delinquent taxes allowing Sanborn to keep 50% of what he collected.Whiskey Ring - 1875. Many distillers and federal agents were keeping money that was being paid as liquor taxes. Grant called for punishment but protected his own personal secretary.Belknap Bribery - 1876. Grants Secre tary of War, W. W. Belknap was taking money from traders selling at Indian posts. However, through all of this, Grant still was able to get renominated and reelected to the presidency. Post-Presidential Period After Grant retired from the presidency, he and his wife traveled throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. He then retired to Illinois in 1880. He helped his son by borrowing money to set him up with a friend named Ferdinand Ward in a brokerage firm. When they went bankrupt, Grant lost all his money. He ended up writing his memoirs for money to help his wife before he died on July 23, 1885. Historical Significance Grant is considered to be one of the worst presidents in Americas history. His time in office was marked by major scandals, and therefore he was not able to accomplish much during his two terms in office.

Human resource strategies should be underpinned by 'organisation Essay

Human resource strategies should be underpinned by 'organisation development' theories which suggest ways that people in an organisation should be managed - Essay Example (Cusack, no date, p.1) 1. Human Resource – This is referring to an inventory of talents, skills and capabilities of a group of persons which may be tapped for a purpose of economic value. The FreeDictionary by Farlex, 2005, defines is as â€Å"The company department charged with finding, screening, recruiting and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs 2. Organizational Development – It is basically a method for facilitating change and development in people (styles, values, skills), technology (greater simplicity, complexity), and in organizational processes (relationships, roles). For example, if a HR manager wants to introduce a form of participative management where a paternalistic style has traditionally existed, he or she would have to become an â€Å"inside change agent.† (Chruden & Sherman, 1984, p.548) 4. Human resource strategies – It therefore means plans for the maximum use of the inventory of talents, skills and capabilities of group of persons which may be tapped for a purpose of economic value. 5. Organizational Development Strategies – We could define it as a plan to facilitate change and development in people, in technology and in organizational processes. The topic also defines OD strategy by saying, â€Å"which suggests that people in the organization should be managed.† The proposition must be true because one cannot have human resource strategies without human beings and human resource does not only talk about individual human resource in isolation but also of how to combine these individual resources in the context of an organization (Dictionary Definition of organisation, 2005) or group of humans or people to attain corporate objectives. A corporation, a partnership or even a sole proprietorship is a business organization with people in it either in the form of an employee, manager,

Obama care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Obama care - Essay Example The Affordable Act does not provide people opportunity to get equal health care because it organizes insurance in levels based on the public condition. If a person is poor they will pay less for the insurance and get unqualified doctors compared to middle and high income earning people who pay more and get better health treatment. The Supreme Court even wrongfully supported the Act by making it mandatory for individuals to purchase healthcare insurance under 2010 Affordable Health Care Bill. Obama Care places huge pressure on young adults affecting their priority and health by forcing them to buy insurance when they do not have enough income to afford it. Obama Care is also harming businesses and this can also lead to worsening of the economic conditions of the USA. The Obama Care affects and destroys young adult’s priority. Healthy young adults are forced to buy insurance and this prevents them to save their income in order to secure their future. Due to this young adults may not be able to meet the expenses required to address any unexpected health condition in future. Obama Healthcare Act rather makes the young generation dependant on governmental health care programs. Elders in the United States gets more support from the government in shape of Medicare when it comes to their health condition because some cannot work and others do not have enough money to take care of themselves. Studies by the U.S department of health and human service reported that elder people represent the highest percentage of the Americans who signed for the Obama Care, while young adults represent the lowest percentage. Young adults strongly disagree with Obama Care because it forces them to buy health insurance even when they are healthy enough. Due to this t he money invested by young adults does not benefit them and rather benefits other populations such as the elderly who have signed for Obama Care. According to the

The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) Essay

The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) ranging in Shark Bay, Western Australia - Essay Example of such a large number of single species, the interruption of the food chain, the activity of humans and the interference with migration patterns and appropriate safe places in which dolphins have traditionally hidden from predators, there have not been many studies conducted regarding the exact effect these types of farms have on local dolphin populations. The study looked at the activities of 11 female dolphins that have been subjects of studies since 1988. Because the areas of the oyster farm moved periodically throughout the study, researchers were able to compare dolphin activities at each stage of operation. The study was conducted by approaching dolphins as they were seen from a small boat and determining individuals by their dorsal fins. At the same time, the location of the boat was recorded by taking bearings on GPS devices or landmarks. These location points were then charted and compared to the oyster farm areas. The dolphins studied did show a significant decrease in usage of the areas used by the oyster farm, preferring to operate around the farm rather than in it or through it. The impact of this is decreased foraging sites for female dolphins, resulting in decreased eating, reproductive success and disruption in established social

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to Essay

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to identify with or distance themselves from the characters in the - Essay Example This literary style and the socio-political content of the novel as told by two foreign figures enabled its readers to identify with the characters at the same time feel separated from their stories and experiences. It also allowed Montesquieu to achieve his objective in writing the novel. Detachment The first prominent variable that affects the way readers perceive and interpret The Persian Letters is its form. As a collection of letters, which contain discourses and essays on diverse issues, it made the novel disconnected to the readers because the emotional involvement is stunted by the interrupted presentation. This is best explained by Theodore Braun who commented that the novel "moves along in an apparently unpredictable manner from letter to letter, from theme to theme, from interior plot to the exterior plot" making the readers fumble particularly in making sense or identifying the coherence of all the parts provided (Runyon 2005, 13). Readers can also feel the detachment whe n Montesquieu used Persian characters in his narrative. Their characterizations were depicted as alien for the original intended reading public. They are Persians and that their way of life and their perspectives on the French lifestyle represent a glaring difference that is easily identified and sympathized with by the readers. Montesquieu, wrote Hulliung (1976), substituted Persian travelers with psyches that are long written full by Eastern culture and that the interaction between the East and the West could lead to the threat on the Eastern language of despotism (117). By transplanting the two Oriental characters in Paris, there was a depiction of a striking polarity in culture and ideas. Say, when Montesquieu portrayed the Persians as exotic, with sufficient allusions to their cultural norms and their harem and so forth, the reader naturally sided with the West and/or the French society and that the two protagonists - including all that they stood for - came to constitute other ness, the unknown and the unidentifiable. There was an imposed detachment that came with the double plot of the novel. At one point, there was the criticism of the Parisian way of life. On the other hand, there was the Oriental storyline (e.g. the disorder in the protagonist's seraglio back home). This approach enabled Montesquieu to highlight his themes more effectively, more specifically the kind of skepticism and relativism that he obviously wanted to express about the important questions that characterized his time. Furthermore, the differences and the detachment that the author encouraged were necessary in order to explain his ideal social theory. This is when Montesquieu was able to successfully reject the European social theory and advocate the actual expression of human nature as the ultimate solution to the issues and problems that confronted his day (Rossides 1998, 72). Connection It is, however, important to underscore that even though The Persian Letters assumed a degree of disconnect from its readers, there are times when its characters - or the themes and issues they discussed and were involved in - came close to the readers’ hearts and own concerns. As a political allegory, the novel explored, examined and commented on themes and issues that are relevant to the times. For example, there is the issue about love, social institutions, gender equality, religion,

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse - Article Example While a sum total score of 0 would indicate a system completely unsupportive of a dimensional approach, a score of 20 would indicate a system that is fully supportive of a dimensional approach. The author outlays 12 of the 20 criteria in the article. Some of the criteria that pertain to the Architecture of the Data Warehouse are: Explicit Declaration, Conformed Dimensions and Facts, Dimensional Integrity, Open Aggregate Navigation, Dimensional Symmetry, Dimensional Scalability and Sparsity Tolerance, etc. Kimball explains Open Aggregate Navigation as follows: â€Å"The system uses physically stored aggregates as a way to enhance performance of common queries. These aggregates, like indexes, are chosen silently by the database if they are physically present. End users and application developers do not need to know what aggregates are available at any point in time, and applications are not required to explicitly code the name of an aggregate. All query processes accessing the data, even those from different application vendors, realize the full benefit of aggregate navigation.† (Kimball, 2000) Similarly, some of the criteria that fall under Administration category are: Graceful Modification, Dimensional Replication, Dimension Notification, Surrogate Key Administration, International Consistency, etc. Kimball explains Dimensinal Replication as follows: â€Å"The system supports the explicit replication of a conformed dimension outward from a dimension authority to all the client data marts, in such a way that we can only perform drill-across queries on data marts if they have consistent versions of the dimensions. Aggregates that are affected by changes to the content of a dimension are automatically taken offline in each client data mart until we can make them consistent with the revised dimension and the base fact table.† (Kimball, 2000) One of the impressive aspects of the article is its compact

Critically think about the drop in crime in the US at the end of the Essay

Critically think about the drop in crime in the US at the end of the nineties - Essay Example There was another hypothesis developed that the drop in crime rate was due to the introduction of the Three Strikes Law. This allocation provided that any felony criminal who was arrested on a third offence would be sentenced to life imprisonment (Rushefsky, 2007, 535). The first of the states to allot this was the State of Washington, subsequent steps to continue with this step taking place in Colorado, Arkansas, Nevada and so on. This practice has led to a general reduction in the rate of crime n the United States, with the year 2010 being the safest moments of all. With the homicide division having the lowest record of crime, there has been a decline in other divisions such as violent crimes, rape and robbery. (Press 2010, 135) In conclusion, there are two hypotheses describing the decline in the rate of crime in the United States. The introduction of the Three Strikes Law and the legalization of abortion have contributed to the decline in crime in the United States (Wilensky, 2002, 235). However, there has also been overall improvement in the administration of

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse - Article Example While a sum total score of 0 would indicate a system completely unsupportive of a dimensional approach, a score of 20 would indicate a system that is fully supportive of a dimensional approach. The author outlays 12 of the 20 criteria in the article. Some of the criteria that pertain to the Architecture of the Data Warehouse are: Explicit Declaration, Conformed Dimensions and Facts, Dimensional Integrity, Open Aggregate Navigation, Dimensional Symmetry, Dimensional Scalability and Sparsity Tolerance, etc. Kimball explains Open Aggregate Navigation as follows: â€Å"The system uses physically stored aggregates as a way to enhance performance of common queries. These aggregates, like indexes, are chosen silently by the database if they are physically present. End users and application developers do not need to know what aggregates are available at any point in time, and applications are not required to explicitly code the name of an aggregate. All query processes accessing the data, even those from different application vendors, realize the full benefit of aggregate navigation.† (Kimball, 2000) Similarly, some of the criteria that fall under Administration category are: Graceful Modification, Dimensional Replication, Dimension Notification, Surrogate Key Administration, International Consistency, etc. Kimball explains Dimensinal Replication as follows: â€Å"The system supports the explicit replication of a conformed dimension outward from a dimension authority to all the client data marts, in such a way that we can only perform drill-across queries on data marts if they have consistent versions of the dimensions. Aggregates that are affected by changes to the content of a dimension are automatically taken offline in each client data mart until we can make them consistent with the revised dimension and the base fact table.† (Kimball, 2000) One of the impressive aspects of the article is its compact

Humanistic School of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humanistic School of Psychology - Essay Example Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s, the time marked by profound social changes, the onset of global movements, emergence of new scholarly paradigms questioning the traditional empiricist and positivist conceptions of the world and human being, the change in physics which "discarded the requirement of total objectivity and the complete separation of external world from observer", etc (Schultz and Schultz, 2004: 483). In psychology, these transformations took shape of the rise of cognitive and humanistic perspectives that actively criticized psychoanalytic theory for portraying people as being directed only by their unconscious wishes and irrational forces. They also did not support the behaviorist school because the latter viewed people as biological robots "who are mechanically programmed by the conditioning force of external stimuli" (Vander Zanden, 1993: 45). These principles rely almost exclusively on the research and findings of two American psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, the brightest and most proliferate representatives of humanistic psychology. The essence of Maslow's theory is the hierarchy of needs and "self-actualization" - development and self-improvement of personality. Human have a complex hierarchy of needs that emerge at the moment of birth (food, drink, shelter) and continue throughout life (social security, status attainment, etc). Visually, these needs are organized in the form of the famous 'pyramid of need' with physiological needs being at the bottom and self-actualization being at the top. Maslow believes that the lower layers of needs must be fulfilled first before passing over to the upper layers. However, it does not mean that each person must follow the same template: fulfilling the non-basic needs depends entirely upon the individual. Musicians must make music, artists must paint, and poets must write if they want to be ultimately at peace with themselves. What humans can be, they must be: they must be true to their own nature and if they are it is called "self-actualization". This category is less a nee d than a final development stage for the person (Maslow, 1987). Poor amenability to being quantified and lack of predictive power is perhaps the most often mentioned drawback of Maslow's model: it is a general idea or shape that is descriptive and represents a great analytic interest. Maslow's theory is also weak on the exact points of transition. Thus, for illustrative purposes one may speak of someone's needs being 85% satisfied, but there is absolutely no possibility available to quantify the

Role and Functions of Law Essay Example for Free

Role and Functions of Law Essay The role of law functions in everyday business transactions and the surrounding societies. Melvin (2011) stated, â€Å"Law is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority and having legal binding force† (p. 4). Role of law in a business and society are the same however can impact businesses differently. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group are compliant with many state and federal laws. Functions of Law Legal terms are often referred to as jargon or legalese. Law creates duties, obligations and rights that reflect accepted views of society. The U.S. Constitution includes the preamble, seven articles, and 27 amendments. The function of law is to establish a structure of federal government to settle disputes by establishing rules. Separating of powers to maintain the order and resolve disputes, and protecting the liberties and the rights of the people. Most of the U.S. laws are set forth by the first three articles in the U.S Constitution containing the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. Role of Law in Business and Society The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an example of a recent role of law for public companies performing business. The main purpose of this act is to prevent fraudulent business activity. Internal controls established so one employee, who receives a bill and enters the invoice, should not be the same employee creating the check, signing it and mailing it out. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act passed as a law due to the scandals at Enron and WorldCom. These companies both filed bankruptcy, as they revealed that their financial reports were fraudulent. The function of law in society is to protect the liberty of the people. In chapter 2, case 2.1 Cipollone v. Liggett Group Inc. Cipollone filed suit against Liggett  violation of New Jersey consumer protections statutes. Melvin (2011) stated, â€Å"Congress’s broadest power is derived from the Commerce Clause whereby Congress is given the power to â€Å"regulate Commerce amount the several states† (p. 33). â€Å"Article VI of the U.S. Constitution provides that the laws of United States shall be the supreme Law of Land. Thus [†¦] it has been settled that state law that conflicts with federal law is ‘without effect.’ [†¦]† (Melvin, 2011). In this case, the state law was preempted as it conflicted with the federal law, therefore, dismissed. Cipollone’s mother had used Liggett’s products and passed away. Liggett was protected under federal statutes with the general surgeon’s warnings on their product. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group Functions in Law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) regulates health-care providers, plans, and program administrators in gathering, storing, and disclosing medical information about individuals this is a well-known privacy protection act passed by Congress. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group is a third party administrator to many health insurance companies like CareFirst (BlueCross BlueSheild), Untied Healthcare, and Aetna. We are required by HIPPA laws to safeguard materials that have protected health information (PHI) readily available. PHI is a person’s name, geographic information, date elements, phone numbers, social security numbers, license numbers, or any medical information. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group are compliant with the HIPPA laws by having internal auditors. Random audits take place during the day and after working hours. The audits are a group of people who inspect any papers left out, check accessibility of PHI. In the event, information has been breached an affidavit is completed and report it to our compliance team for their completion of the violation. Each case is reviewed and depending on the severity of the violation Kelly and Associates Insurance Group, could be penalized or sued. Kelly and Associates Insurance Group have a service bureau payroll division that is working on reporting Affordable Care Act (ACA) hours. And generating reports to ensure their clients are compliant with the ACA requirements. Same-sex domestic partnership has been another law passed by federal and only some states recognize same-sex domestic partnership. The partner’s cost of insurance is considered taxable  and should be included as imputed income to the states that do not recognize same-sex marriages. Tax compliance laws occur in the payroll division as each state and federal regulations vary from their deposits and filing per client. The filing frequency is determined by the amount of reported wages through payroll; however it is always determined by the taxing authority. This information must be provided to the payroll division by the client due to the liability the payroll department could face as each taxing agency charges penalties and interest for late filing or incorrect filing frequencies. Conclusion Law is practiced many times a day by businesses and society. Without laws, the world would have no guidelines to follow. There would be no right, or wrongdoing, and there would be no justice for the people of United States. We are the people, the land of the free; with laws as guidelines to make U.S. a safer place. Laws are being established to better the business transactions and improve society’s quality of life. References: Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. A Manageriel Approach: Theory to Practice. McGraw-Hill Company.

Essay --

Legalizing Marijuana This found plant is known as marijuana it is recognized all around the world. This plant is known to be a drug/herb that gives people â€Å"high† and is also illegal in almost every location part of the world. Some nations are very strict when it comes down to enforcing the law when others are very lenient. Marijuana is known to be an addicting substance that cause death but what they don’t know is that marijuana is used to cure people in resources no others can find. A plant that has been said to not only cause illusion and memory loss but being able to help in aid people with cancer and aids. Today there is still more and more people who are deciding on siding with pro marijuana legalization for America. Citizens that never gave marijuana legalization a plain in thought or are just heavily against it are beginning to believe that legalizing marijuana would prove helpful for the United States. There are plenty of reasons why there are many people who support marij uana legalization and one basic reasons is the benefit of marijuana being a medicinal drug. Even some states in America have already legalize using marijuana for medical purposes only, while many have not done so centennially. Other countries such as Canada have already allowed medical marijuana be used. The fact in states and other nations allowing the use of marijuana to be for an important aspect such as medicine making the drug legal. Especially since it hasn’t caused any harmful problems being used that way. Marijuana is a medicine that can relieve pain for users along with other specific benefits. Marijuana has been known as a strong and important topic in the government later in these years, deciding whether or not marijuana should be leg... ...ted based on the assumptions people use and what can directly impact the United States in a positive way. People need to open up their eyes and stop being ignorant on the capabilities a drug can prove to be helpful and the fact that marijuana being legal would help the United States in dire help. People that are against it have not once looked into the benefits it hold and may never will. We all tend to seek pleasure in our life every day and everyone has their own way of achieving that. For some, that source of pleasure is marijuana and all they want to end up doing is gain pleasure like others do, but we should all be who we want be no matter how people take life whether it’s in peace but all we know is that its best to enjoy life and in harm’s way. Never in my life have I once heard a problem that is caused by marijuana and that is because it has never happened.

Workplace Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

The judicial system in the United States is in desperate need of Christians with high ethic principles to take control of our courts. More Christian lawyers in our courts is one way of getting ethics into the judicial system. There are major controversial issues lawyers encounter when dealing with their clients and business in general. Firstly, many people question if an honest lawyer can defend a guilty client. â€Å"t is true that a lawyer is expected to represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law, but the question may fairly be asked whether this relieves the lawyer of any moral obligation other than compliance with the law. Put more broadly, when a person acts in a capacity of a lawyer, is he relieved of the personal or moral responsibility for the consequences of his action...

Open Government Essay

The U.S. and UK present data to people in all sorts of diverse ways. One way is through internet traffic going to their different websites. This paper will look at four different websites, two from the US and two from the UK, and compare and contrast how the data is presented. It will analyze the impact the data has on professional, ethical, legal, security, cultural or social issues and responsibilities. The basic design of the sites, the ease of use, and the type of data presented will also be taken into account. The overall goal will be to get an idea of how these two governments present information to the population they serve. The first site web site is the WHITE HOUSE. When entering this site, the first thing the viewer will notice is the big weekly address topic panning through the top half of the page. This panning image with links to further information, changes with a few other topics of the day/week which also have links with photos/videos and more information. Another nice aspect is the lack of advertisement. This makes the site standout out as being very professional and important so the reader just focuses on the topics on the page instead of wondering off or getting distracted. There are the typical tabs above the panning topic which allow the viewer to dive deeper into different categories that are offered which relate to the White House such as a Blog section, Photos & Video, Briefing Room, Issues, the Administration, White House, and Government. When scrolled over, a drop down menu shows up with more in dept subcategories for that tab. Under the panning topics, there is a featured topic, with a small picture and a brief description. The option to browse through different topics in this featured section is available. Also underneath the panning topic, taking up a smaller portion of the screen on the right, there is a search engine. When the viewer searches for a word or phrase it basically takes them to a Bing search page with all the results, but all the results are from the WHITE HOUSE website, whether they are articles, relevant posting or blogs, all tied to the website. Scrolling further down the home page further, there’s links to several blog postings by White House correspondents, the White House schedule of events and featured legislation (the link actually takes you to the Bill) with the option to comment on pending legislation. Next to these on the right, there’s a place to create and sign petitions, the photo of the day, a spot to sign up for email alerts and a way to stay connected through Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Linkin, YouTube, etc. All these different avenues to venture down seem to be placed on the home page in accordance of relevance and popularity. Besides the panning topics, there seems to be a lot of emphases on the blog links. This site is easy to navigate through and there seems to be no wasted space or filler content and that the links all lead to topics of relevance and interest. Basically this site was designed for viewers to get an overview of what is going on in and around the White House. Topics are focused on current events and informative blog postings with White House perspectives through the blog writers with a little bit of posts that aim to strike peoples interests. Links to any information about the government and its components and what they are working on is also readily available. This site seems to be well run and designed for what it was intended to due which is to get information out there that is informative and a little bit of entertainment all relative to what the White House and their people are doing. The website Number 10 is the official site of the British Prime Minister’s Office. Like the WHITE HOUSE site, the main focus is a panning banner that has the top headlines rolling through and some tabs above to take the viewer to links on News, Policy, The Coalition, History & Tour, Transparency, and Take Part. There is also a search engine, but it looks to be run by the actual website itself. Under the panning topics taking up the majority of the screen, there’s a section, Policy by Department, with around 15 or so thumbnail pictures symbolizing different categories the viewer can click on from Afghanistan to business/economics to education to the environment, etc. The thumbnails take the viewer to a different web page on the same site with an in depth look at the category selected. When the page is scrolled down past the policies section there’s the Take Part section and a Transparency Section. Both have links to go further into whatever subtopic is selected. To the right side of these sections, taking up a little less screen space, there is options set up to follow Number 10 through Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, and their own app. Also, instead of using the tabs above the panning topics for some categories, they have little sections down the side to click on. Near the bottom, there are three more sections which reference Real Time Energy Use, Meet the PM, and Budget 2012. This was another website designed to give you information on want is going on in the government, more specifically, the Prime Minister’s office, like the WHITE HOUSE site for the UK. Focuses are on what they are doing and ways people can also contribute or â€Å"Take Part†. There also seems to be a theme of being open with their transparency section and the breakdown of energy use and the 2012 budget break down. The Number 10 site is also very user friendly and pretty self explanatory. Viewers can get their information with relative ease through the provided links. All four of these sites the focal point is on government. The first two (the WHITE HOUSE, Number 10) concentrate more on the office of who running the specified country, while the latter two circle around a broader spectrum of the two governments, the Senate and the Parliament. It’s easy to see the difference between the first two sites and the last two sites. The first two are more tailored towards the President and Prime Minister and are definitely more interactive with videos and pictures, making them more alluring to the viewers. The Senate and Parliament look to be more standardized, especially the Senator site.

American Psycho Book to Movie Essay

Allister Baudoin Mr. Jason Raush Lit. of Extreme Situations 8 April 2013 American Psycho Novel and Movie Comparison After the release of Bret Easton Ellis’ American Psycho, and the critical response that soon followed, many would believe that a film version of such a creatively gruesome novel would be an impossible task to undertake. The extended seemingly endless descriptions, stream of conscious narrative, countless scenes of grotesque violence, and not to mention a literary ban in both Germany and Australia are just a few reasons why so many believed a movie could never exist.However in the spring of 2000, director Mary Harron defied the odds and transformed this controversial work from hardcover to the big screen. Remarkably a huge success, the film captures the weaving, often-satirical, themes of the book, while staying true to the not so hidden horrors of a 1980’s New York yuppie turned serial killer Patrick Bateman. Where the book gave readers the eyes and insigh t of a warped Patrick Bateman, the movie displayed a more outward perspective, balancing the darkly comical with hints of insanity that built toward the unraveling of this American Psycho.Some may argue that serial killers are born with the inevitable urge to murder, while others believe these actions are a direct result of environmental culturing. The character of Patrick Bateman would justly cause anyone to question this notion. In the film, Mr. Batman, ingeniously portrayed by Christian Bale, begins the film with a seemingly levelheaded temperament. This illusion is short lived however and is broken when a scene, mirroring that of the second chapter of the book, shows Bateman’s obsessively thorough morning routine.The film quite accurately depicts the various products and processes that were read as lists upon lists of description within the novel. Another point in which Mary Harron illustrates the maddening obsessive tendencies of Bateman occurs during the often one-sided dialogues about his favorite musical artists. Full chapters of the novel are dedicated these shallow ramblings that send readers into an almost absorbed state of psychosis.Although the film could not hold this exact effect, many of these lines were straight from the novel, except for the Phil Collins references, and were stated under a comical tone that stayed true to the satirical nature of the work. Each of these scenes shows the progression of a Patrick Bateman that has become less of a human and more a product of society. The greatest difference from book to film lies in the scenes of abundant violence.Although the film had to alter certain portions to receive an â€Å"R† not â€Å"NC-17† rating, the movie, even with the old cuts in place, would still not even scratch the surface of the horror and revolting actions found within the novel. Events like the killing of an innocent child at a zoo, the pieces of body left in his Hell’s Kitchen apartment, cannibal ism, and other more disgusting ways of torturing women were not visually placed in the movie.Nevertheless many of them were hinted at throughout which allowed audiences to imagine the terrifying acts that Bateman partook in themselves, actors the ability to play with dialogue, and readers to notice the inner most references to scenes from the book. Not all violence and gore was left to the imagination however, but were subtly shown for example by a scrape on a women’s back or by the image of a severed head tucked away inside of Bateman’s fridge until the climax where shots of former bodies are exposed during a chase seen with a women desperately trying to escape.All of the shots are creatively angled to show just enough violence to make you feel the impact of the act while crafting an air of tension that increases until he cracks. The progression of Patrick Bateman’s mental dysfunction and the unreliability of the main characters perspective, hit its peak at the end of the film. Surreal scenes of confusion and dialogue began to cloud the interactions that Bateman had with those around him. A growing sense of urgency in his demeanor countered by the cold glare of the other characters gave a perfect bridge to the theme of the novel.Now that we see Bateman shocked that his sick acts have gone with out consequence, the audience begins to question whether or not his horrid acts are only mere imagination. The end of the book, and most of the novel, give readers the assumption that these acts must be too extreme to have actually happened. The conclusion of the film lets the wall reliability crash down with the realization that you may have just glimpsed into the mind of the main character. Just like in the book, audiences grasp that Bateman may just simply be more psychotic than first perceived.The unraveling of his sophistication being the first sign brings question to the events that occurred and further notions of insanity. Although much of th e story may have been in the mind of Patrick Bateman, the ideas and fantasies that were birthed their and why they came about, are the root of what both Bret Easton Ellis and Mary Harron are trying to being to question. Was it instilled in a man to have these desires, or was it a society that brought him to it?

High School vs. College Essay

High school and college are similar in some ways and different in a lot of ways. They are similar in such ways that you still have to go to class, do class work, home work, take test, and study hard. They are different in such ways that we can have cell phones in class, walk out of class, wear anything to class, and the thing that sets it off is living on campus. I don’t know if my college experience will match up to my high school experience but, we shall see. I will compare and contrast high school and college. I use to drive to high school. For some reason South Carolina State University will not let freshman drive their first semester. I use to drive ten to fifteen minutes to get to school, now it’s about one hour and a half. So instead of doing that everything, I stay on campus and walk to class. I must admit that I didn’t think it would be difficult at first but, it is. I hate relying on someone else to take me to Wal-Mart. That’s one thing that’s different about the two subjects at hand. And the way they’re similar is that I didn’t drive as a freshman in high school. In high school, there was a lot of freedom. We got to change classes on our own, the classes were mixed up with students in different grades, and we didn’t have to walk in a single or double filed line. In college, you don’t even have to go to class. Although it would be wise, too. In high school if you miss a day in class, the teacher would call home. In college, they don’t call anybody, not unless their name is Mrs. Pinson. In high school, I lived with my mother. In college, I live with a roommate. Technically , I’m out on my own but, my mother is paying for my education and family is putting money in my pockets. I was always curious to know what it’d be like to get out on my own. I must say, I’m one step closer. Now that I’m in college, I wish we stayed in dorms in high school. If that would have went down in high school though, there probably wouldn’t be any need to go off to far away colleges. So to sum everything up, I can’t drive, there is a lot more freedom, and I don’t stay in my mother’s house any more. I drove, had freedom but not this much, and I stayed with my mother in high school. Some things that were similar are the work, tests, quizzes, and studying. Those are some things that I chose to compare and contrast on high school versus college.

Whole Food Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whole Food Market - Essay Example Whole Food Market has developed an innovation strategy of its kind that would suit its organic business model. Firstly, they integrated the differentiation strategy whereby they provide their customers services they cannot find anywhere else so as to maintain a loyal customer basis. On the contrary, the supermarket was the first to dump use of plastic bags so as to conserve the environment. Furthermore, its social dimension towards its value proposal in engaging in wind energy practices; an environmental friendly approach is part of its innovation strategy. Moreover, in order to satisfy their organic goal, they have also expanded their business to developing their own line of sea food and an animal welfare system and more so boosting new and creative animal production practices. Therefore, putting these factors in mind, it is clear that the organization has justified its organic practices.The environment that Whole Food Market operates in is full of potential. The external threats ar e competition from fast food companies as well as other green companies. However, its differentiation strategy has worked out in terms of beating rival companies. On the other hand, the supermarket realizes the environmental challenges, hence its approach to renewable energy and elimination of plastic. Such corporate responsibilities have enhanced favor to the supermarket from its green customers. Another environemental principle is always being ahead producing high quality products as well as realizing and utilizing opportunities.

Discourse On Method and Meditations On First Philosophy Essay

Discourse On Method and Meditations On First Philosophy - Essay Example At examining the difference between pure intellectual and imagination, he uses figures such as triangles, bound by three lines, chiliagon bound by thousands of sides and Pentagon. He points that the force of habit drives one to imagine something whenever one thinks of a corporeal thing. The new effort on the side of the mind that makes one imagine rather than need it to understand defines the difference between pure intellectual and imagination (Descartes, Weissman & Bluhm, 1996). The power of imagination differing from the power of understanding is not essential to an own essence. The power of imagination relies on something distinct from the person in question. Despite the existence of the body, it is by means of the character’s body that brings an imagination of corporeal things. The mind, therefore, looks at the ideas that exist in it when it understands. While when it imagines, it reflects on the body and intuits something that conform to idea perceived by the sense or understood by the same mind. Therefore, an imagination is actualized in this manner if the body exists. Therefore, from a probability, the body exists (Descartes, Weissman & Bluhm, 1996). From the corporeal nature the object of pure mathematics, perception of things increases with means of senses. With the help of the memory, they appear to have reached the imagination. First, we sense that we have a head, feet, and other parts of the body. Pleasure and pain hunger enables sensing of appetites (Descartes, Weissman & Bluhm, 1996). One can also sense things found in the environment and use that basis to distinguish the earth, sky, and seas among others. The ideas from the mind are much vivid, explicit, and distinctive than those knowingly and deliberately formed through mediation or found within the memory. They all seem first not to come from own self. Therefore, the alternative was that they came from other things

"The Graduate" And "Bonnie and Clyde" Assignment

"The Graduate" And "Bonnie and Clyde" - Assignment Example To make the matter worse, the parents who are funnily involved in infidelity issues are married with children. This production would not have exposed infidelity this much owing to the fact that â€Å"The Graduate† movie targets a larger audience. "Bonnie and Clyde" movie unethically presents a rare reflection of the full range of human life. Movies should ethically be produced as per human nature reflection as in most cases they target human society as the general viewers. "Bonnie and Clyde" movie contemplates human life presentation as a movie revolving around pitiless cruelty, which emerges as an irritant to the audience. This film aimlessly portrays un-forgiveness at this time we are living. Clyde walked into the bank with a major aim of robbery together with the Barrow Gang (Whitehead 23). This movie, through the Borrow Gang, reveals the epitome of violence in American history of exploitation in the mass media production for the first time. The violence and unethical nature of â€Å"Bonnie and Clyde† movie does not make it be grouped as an ideal movie to watch in the contemporary

HU300 unit 8 Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HU300 unit 8 Journal - Research Paper Example Let’s take an example of Chinese and Japanese films. These countries portray in their films a lot about their festivals and ceremonies. This tells us how festive these countries are. Chinese films also show the heroic struggle of the Chinese soldiers who reached their destination in the 1930s after the long march. An example of this is the Chinese movie named â€Å"The Long March†. The way Chinese films are made tells us that China has a strong film industry with talented actors. Russian films, like â€Å"Faust† by Alexander Sokurov, talk more about battles and wars, and portray the Russian history. Arabian films have their own special portrayal of beauty and culture. Moreover, if we talk about German films, most of them portray the humorous nature of the Germans which they are famous for. German comedy movies, like â€Å"Miss Congeniality 2 - Armed and Fabulous† and â€Å"The Edukators†, show the sense of humor Germans possess. Hence, keeping in mi nd that films portray cultures, they should not only be a source of entertainment but should also contain moral

Geopolitical Origins of the Iran-Iraq War- Article Review Essay

Geopolitical Origins of the Iran-Iraq War- Article Review - Essay Example A different group contends that this dispute was a pretext for the escalation of hostilities of other sorts, all of which were non territorial. In this article the writer outlines the causes of the Iran-Iraq war conflict he even examines each and every factor with reference to their geographical position. In the first paragraph of the article the writer described how and when the war started and what were the factors involved in the war. According to observes the war was started by Iran and Iraq was the aggressor in this war all the time. To give an idea how aggressive Iraq was, the writer mentioned that between March 1979 and September 1980 it had experienced 434 attacks by Iraqi artillery, infantry, and armored forces as well as 363 violations of its airspace. Iraq asserted that it had suffered 544 violations of its borders and airspace during essentially the same period. (J. M. Abdulghani, Iraq and Iran: The Years of Crisis (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 200.). As the war continues both countries are involved in the propaganda, sabotage, terrorism. Iraqi forces penetrated deep into Khuzistan and captured a strip seventy to one hundred miles wide along the western border of the province. Khuzistan is significant because its ethnic composition is primarily Arab and it contains the prin cipal oil reserves and refining operations in Iran. The writer mentioned that this war continues in five phases; the first was the Iraqi offensive that began on 22 September 1980 and ended by March 1981. The second phase consisted of a year-long stalemate during which Iraq held approximately 14,000 square kilometers of Iranian territory but was unable to advance. The third phase, beginning in March 1982, was marked by an Iranian counteroffensive that drove Iraqi troops from the occupied territory and even penetrated a short distance into Iraq. That counteroffensive was spent by late fall